Konfiguracja, budowanie i wdrażanie programu Solana lokalnie w Rust

Rust jest najpopularniejszym językiem programowania do pisania programów na Solanie. Ten przewodnik szybkiego startu pokaże, jak szybko skonfigurować, zbudować i wdrożyć swój pierwszy program Solany na blockchainie, przy użyciu Rust.

Czego się nauczysz #

• jak zainstalować język programowania Rust w lokalnym środowisku
• jak stworzyć nowy program Rust na Solanie
• jak napisać podstawowy program Solany w Rust
• jak zbudować i wdrożyć Twój program Rust

Zainstaluj Rust i Cargo #

Aby móc skompilować programy Solany stworzone w Rust, zainstaluj język Rust i Cargo (menedżer pakietów Rust) za pomocą Rustup:

curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh

Uruchom swój lokalny validator #

The Solana CLI comes with the test validator built in. To narzędzie wiersza poleceń pozwoli Ci uruchomić pełny klaster blockchain na Twoim komputerze.

solana-test-validator

Skonfiguruj Solana CLI w taki sposób, aby używało Twojego walidatora lokalnego hosta dla wszystkich przyszłych poleceń z terminala i wdrożeń programów Solany:

solana config set --url localhost

Stwórz nową bibliotekę Rust z Cargo #

Solana programs written in Rust are libraries which are compiled to BPF bytecode and saved in the .so format.

Stwórz nową bibliotekę Rust o nazwie hello_world za pomocą wiersza poleceń Cargo:

cargo init hello_world --lib
cd hello_world

Dodaj crate solana-program do swojej nowej biblioteki Rust:

cargo add solana-program

cargo add solana-program@"=2.0.3"

Otwórz plik Cargo.toml i dodaj wymagane ustawienia konfiguracyjne biblioteki Rust, oraz odpowiednio zaktualizuj nazwę projektu:

[lib]
name = "hello_world"
crate-type = ["cdylib", "lib"]

Stwórz swój pierwszy program Solany #

Kod Twojego programu Solana opartego na Rust będzie znajdować się w pliku src/lib.rs. Wewnątrz src/lib.rs będziesz mógł importować swoje crate'y w Rust i definiować logikę. Otwórz plik src/lib.rs w swoim ulubionym edytorze.

Na górze lib.rs, zaimportuj skrzynkę solana-program i wprowadź potrzebne elementy do lokalnej przestrzeni nazw:

use solana_program::{
    account_info::AccountInfo,
    entrypoint,
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    pubkey::Pubkey,
    msg,
};

Każdy program Solany musi definiować entrypoint, który informuje środowisko uruchomieniowe Solany, gdzie rozpocząć używanie Twojego kodu na sieci. Your program's entrypoint should provide a public function named process_instruction:

// declare and export the program's entrypoint
entrypoint!(process_instruction);
 
// program entrypoint's implementation
pub fn process_instruction(
    _program_id: &Pubkey,
    _accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8]
) -> ProgramResult {
    // log a message to the blockchain
    msg!("Hello, world!");
 
    // gracefully exit the program
    Ok(())
}

Każdy program on-chain powinien zwrócić Ok wynik z wartością (). This tells the Solana runtime that your program executed successfully without errors.

This program above will simply log a message of "Hello, world!" to the blockchain cluster, then gracefully exit with Ok(()).

Build your Rust program #

Inside a terminal window, you can build your Solana Rust program by running in the root of your project (i.e. the directory with your Cargo.toml file):

cargo build-sbf

Deploy your Solana program #

Using the Solana CLI, you can deploy your program to your currently selected cluster:

solana program deploy ./target/deploy/hello_world.so

Once your Solana program has been deployed (and the transaction finalized), the above command will output your program's public address (aka its "program id").

# example output
Program Id: EFH95fWg49vkFNbAdw9vy75tM7sWZ2hQbTTUmuACGip3

Congratulations! #

You have successfully setup, built, and deployed a Solana program using the Rust language.

Let's call the Hello World program #

Now that the program is deployed we want to call it to see the actual "Hello World" on chain. For that we will use Javascript and the Solana web3.js library.

Install Node.js #

To use node in WSL2 on Windows, please follow this
guide to installing node in WSL2 to install node.

sudo apt-get install curl
curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/master/install.sh | bash

reopen the terminal

nvm install --lts
node --version

For macOS you can install node.js via package manager

Create the client file #

Install the Solana web3.js library and the Solana helpers library:

npm install @solana/web3.js@1 @solana-developers/helpers@2

Create a new file called client.mjs and add the following code:

import {
  Connection,
  PublicKey,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";
import { getKeypairFromFile } from "@solana-developers/helpers";
 
const programId = new PublicKey("YOUR_PROGRAM_ID");
 
// Connect to a solana cluster. Either to your local test validator or to devnet
const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");
//const connection = new Connection("https://api.devnet.solana.com", "confirmed");
 
// We load the keypair that we created in a previous step
const keyPair = await getKeypairFromFile("~/.config/solana/id.json");
 
// Every transaction requires a blockhash
const blockhashInfo = await connection.getLatestBlockhash();
 
// Create a new transaction
const tx = new Transaction({
  ...blockhashInfo,
});
 
// Add our Hello World instruction
tx.add(
  new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: programId,
    keys: [],
    data: Buffer.from([]),
  }),
);
 
// Sign the transaction with your previously created keypair
tx.sign(keyPair);
 
// Send the transaction to the Solana network
const txHash = await connection.sendRawTransaction(tx.serialize());
 
console.log("Transaction sent with hash:", txHash);
 
await connection.confirmTransaction({
  blockhash: blockhashInfo.blockhash,
  lastValidBlockHeight: blockhashInfo.lastValidBlockHeight,
  signature: txHash,
});
 
console.log(
  `Congratulations! Look at your ‘Hello World' transaction in the Solana Explorer:
  https://explorer.solana.com/tx/${txHash}?cluster=custom`,
);

Run the client #

Now lets use node run this file to see the "Hello World" on chain.

node client.mjs

You should see the following output:

Congratulations! Look at your ‘Hello World' transaction in the Solana Explorer:
  https://explorer.solana.com/tx/2fTcQ74z4DVi8WRuf2oNZ36z7k9tGRThaRPXBMYgjMUNUbUSKLrP6djpRUZ8msuTXvZHFe3UXi31dfgytG2aJZbv?cluster=custom

Deploy to Solana devnet #

Now you have successfully deployed your program to your local cluster. If you want to deploy it to the public devnet to show your program to your friends you can do so by running the following command:

solana program deploy ./target/deploy/hello_world.so --url https://api.devnet.solana.com

Then change the connections url in your client.mjs also to https://api.devnet.solana.com and run the client again.

node client.mjs

You should see the same output as before but now on the public devnet cluster. You can see the transaction in the Solana Explorer again. Now you just need to switch it to devnet on the top right.

Congratulations, now everyone in the world can see your "Hello World" transaction on the Solana blockchain.

Next steps #

See the links below to learn more about writing Rust based Solana programs:

• Overview of writing Solana programs
• Solana Quick Start Guide
• Learn more about developing Solana programs with Rust
• Debugging onchain programs